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Project Tiger

In 1944 the famous British Indian naturalist and sportsman, Jim Corbett wrote " A tiger is a large hearted gentleman with boundless courage and that when he is exterminated - as exterminated he will be unless public opinion rallies to his support - India will be the poorer by having lost the finest of her fauna". Sitting prettily long- long away from Corbett's time and place in the corporate 2005 his words came haunting our mind as media reports and Govt. enquiry confirming the large scale massacre of tigers in the many prestigious Project Tiger areas of India. It is shocking, as because it was well-accepted fact that if tiger had to survive he would have only survive in India. It is also time to go back to the drawing board and to take greater political and economic initiatives and make people aware of the life and value of the tiger. Perhaps rightly said by Mr. S. C. Sharma, the then Addl. Inspector General Of Forests, Govt. of India in Royal Bengal Tiger in the 21st Century, a seminar organised by Nature Enviroment and Wild Life Society (NEWS), in 1999 at Kolkata, "The main challenge with the conservation, the main agenda of the country and what you can do, when you can increase the relevance of your project to the common man. If it does not become a programme for the villagers living by the side of the tiger project area, I don't see any hope for survival of tigers".

Alarmed by the steep decline in the world's tiger population, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) - now known at the World Conservation Union- declared the tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) an endangered species in 1959, and listed it in the Red Data Books. Thanks to the political initiative taken by late Mrs. Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India, the killing of tigers was prohibited in India in 1970 followed by a ban on all hunting.

A country-wide tiger census in 1972 revealed that the species count was down to less than 2,000 tigers, an alarming decline from an estimated 40,000 tigers at the turn of the present century (Panwar, 1991). Following the passage of the Wildlife Protection Act in the same year, tiger protection was taken seriously and on April 1, 1973, Project Tiger was launched in an initial nine reserves, covering a total area of 13,723 sq. km, of which 4,242 sq. km were core areas. Presently there are more than 27 tiger reserves in different states across the country.

Tiger Project is a comprehensive programme with an aim to protect the natural ecosystem by mitigating human-induced limiting factors and to bring it as close to a natural functioning area as possible. Further emphasis is laid on the standard of living of the local communities living in close proximity to the ecosystem to enhance sustainable development in harmony with the carrying capacity of the natural habitat.

The Sundarbans Project Tiger initially started in 1973 with an area of 2,585 sq km distributed over 15 blocks. This included a core area of 1,330 sq km and a buffer zone of 1,255 sq km. In addition, 241 sq km are demarcated as a subsidiary Wilderness zone. The core area of 1,330 sq km is later declared as a national park. The two main objectives of the Project are:
1.) To ensure maintenance of a viable population of the tigers in India for scientific, economic, aesthetic, cultural and ecological values.
2.) To preserve for all time, areas of such biological importance as national heritage for the benefit, education and enjoyment of the people.

Project Tiger Directorate:
A Steering Committee functioning under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister provides guidelines for the management of the Tiger Reserves. The non-official members of the Steering Committee (Project Tiger) and four scientific institutions nominated by this Steering Committee review the achievements and status of Project Tiger bi-annually.

The Director of Project Tiger based in New Delhi is responsible for all the Tiger Projects in the country. The project Field Director works under direct control of the Chief Conservator of Forests. Wildlife and ex-officio Chief Wildlife Warden and the over-all control is exercised by the principal Chief Conservator of Forests who is at the helm of forestry administration. Fifty percent of the Project's funds are provided by the Central Government and the rest by the State governments.

For the Sundarbans, a field director and an assistant field director were appointed and supported by five range officers, 15 foresters with 50 forest guards, 40 boatmen in 10 boats, two motor launches with six people each. The headquarters was initially located at Gosaba but was later moved to Canning. Training, monitoring and research programmes were initiated. Most notable was training on immobilizing tigers and aspects of radio telemetry.

Number Game:
As a result of the Project, the number of tigers in India increased from 1800 in 1972 to 4015 in 1986 and from a mere 268 in 9 Project Tiger reserves in 1972 to 1576 in 27 reserves in 2003. The census figure in the Sundarbans Project Tiger area was 274 in 2004. All though lots of individual experts believe, that the actual number of tigers supported by the Sundarbans tiger reserve may be lower than that indicated by the census figures and the pug mark census technique needs serious re-evaluation and alternative techniques should be tried.

National Park & World Heritage Forest Site:
The core area of Project Tiger was declared a National Park in 1989. The pristine wilderness of this area and the important role it plays in the survival of the Bengal tiger has earned it recognition as a World Heritage forest site in 1987. It is India's one of the five Natural Heritage Sites. The other fours are Kaziranga NP, Manas NP, Keoladeo Sanctuary and Nandadevi NP.



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